Abstract The rising popularity of various types of wood panels and the advances in manufacturing technology have increased the uses of wood. The bonding of fibers and particles to form panels, however, involves impregnation with resins, such as phenolic adhesives, which delivery desirable quality to the panels due to their insolubility in water, resistance against heat among others, but are also recognized as carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2004). This study involved measuring the levels of formaldehyde, remaining in wood panels after use and disposal. It was initially evaluated new panels and then examined degraded ones. The results demonstrated significant volatilization of formaldehyde during the degradation process of the panels, with losses of 74.83% for MDF and 85.71% for medium density particleboards (MDP). The results demonstrated significant volatilization of formaldehyde during the degradation process of the panels, with losses of 74.83% for MDF and 85.71% for medium density particleboards (MDP).

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of the taper angle of different internal conical connection implants and cyclic loading on the implant-abutment bacterial seal. A total of 96 implant-abutment sets were divided into eight groups. Four groups of different taper degrees with cyclic mechanical loading of 500,000 cycles per sample, with a 120-N load at 2 Hz before analysis [16DC (16-degree, cycled), 11.5DC (11.5-degree, cycled), 3DC (3- degree, cycled) and 4DC (4- degree, cycled)] were compared to four control groups without cyclic loading [16D (16-degree), 11.5D (11.5-degree), 3D (3-degree), and 4D (4-degree)]. Microbiological analysis was performed by immersing all samples in a suspension containing Escherichia coli and incubating them at 37°C. After 14 days, the presence of bacterial seals was evaluated. Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests and binomial tests were performed (5% significance level). The groups showed significant differences in bacterial seal, and mechanical load cycling improved the bacterial seal in the 3DC group. In all other groups, no significant differences in bacterial seal were found between cycled and uncycled samples. To conclude, the internal conical connection with a 3-degree taper angle showed better results than the other connection with different angles when subjected to load cycling. However, none of the angles tested were fully effective in sealing the implant-abutment interface.

Abstract The phenolic compound content, the antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition potentials of different extracts of the Plectranthus amboinicus, P. barbatus and P. ornatus were evaluated. We also evaluated the influence of plant growth and harvest time on the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of P. amboinicus, its antioxidant and anti-Candida activities and the α-amylase and lipoxygenase inhibitions. The turbo-extract of P. barbatus showed the greatest phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity. No α-amylase inhibition activity was observed in the analyzed extracts, but the turbo-extraction and refluxing extracts possessed high antioxidant activities. Protected cultivation and morning harvest conditions gave the best antioxidant activities, which was associated to the highest carvacrol content. P. amboinicus EO antioxidant activity could contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress in diabetes. Causal Candida strains of diabetic foot ulcers showed sensitivity to P. amboinicus EO. C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were the most sensitive of the selected Candida strains. Turbo-extracts or refluxing of the three species extracts and the EO of P. amboinicus should be considered as a potential candidate for the management the complications of type 2 diabetes.

At the 20th century dawn, the understanding of matter on a microscopic scale broke the Classical Physics barriers, giving birth to what we know today as Quantum Physics. The concepts of physical reality needed to be rediscussed, considering the strange dual object on which Quantum Physics was being built and a new structuring formalism needed to be developed. The present work reports the development of a didactic sequence that aims to teach the fundamentals of Quantum Physics in High School and Higher Education. The approach intends to offers means to avoid the nebulous notion of “wave-particle duality”, avoiding the pitfalls created by analogies with classical objects that obscure the understanding of the concept of a quantum object. The approach is developed in multimedia language organized around experiments shown in short videos, images, animations and computational simulations. Teaching by investigation was given, encouraging students to observe and analyze the phenomena and facts presented in an investigative way. For future application, a pilot test was elaborated using the participanty observation of teachers and questionary answered by the students, with a view to obtaining a first evaluation of the didactic sequence.

No início do século XX, a compreensão da matéria em escala microscópica demandou romper com paradigmas da Física Clássica, dando origem ao que conhecemos hoje como Física Quântica. Os conceitos de realidade física precisaram ser rediscutidos, considerando o estranho objeto dual sobre o qual a Física Quântica estava sendo erguida e um novo formalismo estruturante precisou ser desenvolvido. O presente trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de uma sequência didática que visa ensinar os fundamentos da Física Quântica no Ensino Médio e Superior. A abordagem utilizada oferece meios para contornar a turva noção de “dualidade onda-partícula”, evitando as armadilhas criadas pelas analogias com os objetos clássicos que obscurecem a compreensão do conceito de objeto quântico. A abordagem é desenvolvida na linguagem multimídia e organizada em torno de experimentos exibidos em vídeos de curta duração, imagens, animações e simulações computacionais. O ensino por investigação foi empregado, estimulando os alunos a observar e analisar de forma investigativa os fenômenos e fatos apresentados. Para aplicação futura, um teste piloto foi elaborado utilizando da observação participativa dos professores e de questionário respondido pelos alunos, com vistas a auferir uma primeira avaliação da sequência didática.

ABSTRACT Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of rectal cancer surgery, in a unit adopting the principles of total mesorectal excision (TME) with a high restorative procedure rate and with a low rate of abdominoperineal excision (APE). Methods: we enrolles patients with extraperitoneal rectal cancer undergoing TME or TME+APE. Patients with mid rectal tumors underwent TME, and patients with tumors of the lower rectum and no criteria for APE underwent TME and intersphincteric resection. Those in which the intersphincteric space was invaded and in those with a free distal margin less than 1cm or a tumor free radial margin were unattainable underwent APE or extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE). We assessed local recurrence rates, overall survival and involvement of the radial margin. Results: sixty (89.6%) patients underwent TME and seven (10.4%) TME + APE, of which five underwent ELAPE. The local recurrence, in pacientes undergoing TME+LAR, was 3.3% and in patients undergoing APE, 14.3%. The local recurrence rate (p=0.286) or the distant recurrence rate (p=1.000) was similar between groups. There was no involvement of radial margins. Survival after 120 months was similar (p=0.239). Conclusion: rectal malignancies, including those located in the low rectum, may be surgically treated with a low rate of APE without compromising oncological principles and with a low local recurrence rates.

RESUMO Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados da cirurgia do câncer de reto, em uma unidade que adota os princípios da excisão total do mesorreto (ETM) com baixa taxa de amputação abdominoperineal (AAP). Métodos: os pacientes com câncer retal extraperitoneal foram submetidos a ETM ou ETM com amputação abdominoperianeal. Pacientes com tumores de reto médio foram submetidos a EMT e pacientes com tumores de reto inferior e sem critérios para AAP foram submetidos a EMT e ressecção interesfincteriana. Aqueles em que o espaço interesfincteriano foi invadido e naqueles com margem distal livre menor que 1cm ou margem radial livre de tumor foram inatingíveis foram submetidos a AAP ou excisão abdominoperineal extraelevadora (ELAPE). Avaliamos as taxas de recorrência local, sobrevida global e envolvimento da margem radial. Resultados: sessenta (89,6%) pacientes realizaram ETM e sete (10,4%) ETM + AAP, dos quais cinco realizaram ELAPE. A recidiva local, em pacientes submetidos a ETM com ressecção anterior baixa, foi de 3,3% e em pacientes submetidos a AAP, 14,3%. A taxa de recorrência local (p=0,286) ou a taxa de recorrência à distância (p=1,000) foi semelhante entre os grupos. Não houve envolvimento das margens radiais. A sobrevida após 120 meses foi semelhante (p=0,239). Conclusão: as neoplasias malignas retais, incluindo aquelas localizadas no reto baixo, podem ser tratadas cirurgicamente com baixo índice de AAP, sem comprometer os princípios oncológicos e com baixo índice de recorrência local.

Resumo Objetiva-se trazer uma discussão acerca dos desafios e possibilidades que perpassam o desenvolvimento dos pensamentos crítico e criativo quando se trabalha probabilidade nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Com uma abordagem qualitativa, analisou-se, por meio da análise de conteúdo, o livro didático e os protocolos produzidos pelos alunos ao realizarem as atividades propostas e discutirem-nas durante momentos de interação em aulas remotas. Buscou-se compreender como o livro didático tratou o ensino de probabilidade, observando em que nível se adequou à BNCC quanto à abordagem metodológica (possibilitando a atividade heurística do aluno e emersão de seus conhecimentos prévios) e quanto à potencialidade de desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico e criativo. Analisou-se, também, as soluções dos alunos às atividades propostas, com vistas a averiguar indícios de possibilidades de desenvolvimento dessas formas de pensamento. Os resultados indicam como desafios romper com práticas de ensino que apresentem conceitos sem recorrer à atividade heurística e conhecimentos prévios dos alunos, priorizar que experienciem colocar em atividade o pensamento probabilístico e permitir que deixem emergir criatividade e criticidade. Por outro lado, emergiram possibilidades no que diz respeito ao como articular as diretrizes defendidas na BNCC, na medida em que, ao realizarem a sequência didática proposta, nota-se que os alunos tiveram a oportunidade de desenvolver conhecimentos probabilísticos e exercitar os pensamentos crítico e criativo. Conclui-se que os documentos oficiais e pesquisas têm se esforçado para implementar melhorias na educação, porém, os professores precisam se apropriar dessas mudanças em suas atividades de sala de aula. Objetivase Objetiva fundamental qualitativa analisouse, analisouse analisou se, analisou-se conteúdo discutiremnas discutirem nas remotas Buscouse Buscou possibilitando Analisouse, Analisouse Analisou Analisou-se também criticidade lado proposta notase nota Concluise Conclui educação porém aula

Abstract The aim is to discuss the challenges and possibilities that permeate the development of critical and creative thinking in teaching probability concepts in the early years of elementary school. With a qualitative approach, the textbook and the protocols the students produced when executing the proposed activities and discussing them at moments of interaction in remote classes were explored through content analysis. We sought to understand how the textbook dealt with probability teaching, observing at what level it adapted to Brazil’s National Common Curricular Base (BNCC) regarding the methodological approach (allowing students’ heuristic activity and the emergence of their prior knowledge) and regarding the potential for developing critical and creative thinking. Students’ solutions to the proposed activities were also analyzed, with a view to finding evidence of possibilities for the development of those forms of thinking. The results indicate the following challenges: breaking with teaching practices that present concepts without resorting to heuristic activity and students’ prior knowledge, enabling them to put into action probabilistic thinking and allowing creativity and criticality to emerge. On the other hand, possibilities emerged regarding how to articulate the guidelines advocated in the BNCC, insofar as, when carrying out the proposed didactic sequence, we realized that students could develop probabilistic knowledge and exercise critical and creative thinking. We conclude that official documents and research have been striving to implement improvements in education. However, teachers must appropriate those changes in their classroom activities. school analysis Brazils Brazil s BNCC (BNCC Students analyzed emerge hand as sequence education However

Resumo Introdução: As infeções da pele e dos tecidos moles (IPTM) apresentam uma incidência crescente, sendo causa frequente de admissão em internamento. Assim, a gestão adequada destes doentes é de extrema importância no prognóstico, redução da duração do internamento e consequentemente dos custos associados. Métodos e resultados: Realizou-se um estudo observacional retrospetivo com o objetivo de aferir qual a prática clínica, fatores de risco e mortalidade dos doentes internados por IPTM no Hospital de Braga. Foram incluídos 267 diagnósticos distintos. O isolamento microbiológico ocorreu na maioria das infeções necrotizantes e feridas cirúrgicas superficiais. Os agentes mais frequentes foram bactérias Gram positivo. Nas infeções necrotizantes 70% dos isolamentos era polimicrobiano. Os antibióticos mais utilizados nas infeções superficiais foram as penicilinas; contudo, 31,7% dos diagnósticos de erisipela e celulite foram medicados com antibioterapia de largo espectro. Nas infeções necrotizantes prevaleceu também a classe das penicilinas (a maioria de espectro alargado). De notar que nas infeções necrotizantes foram utilizadas sempre associações antibióticas. Na ferida cirúrgica destaca-se a vancomicina (55,6%). O tempo médio de antibioterapia variou entre 9-19 dias, com maior duração nas infeções profundas. Verificou-se uma maior percentagem de alteração antibiótica nas infeções necrotizantes (66,7%). O tempo médio para controlo de foco foi 40,8 horas. A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 9,7%. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de IPTM é clínico. A orientação terapêutica adequada é baseada em múltiplos fatores que conjugam o doente, o(s) agente(s) bacteriano(s) e o(s) antibiótico(s). Uma equipa multidisciplinar é essencial para melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados de saúde prestados ao doente.

Abstract Introduction: Incidence of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is increasing worldwide. These infections represent an important reason for hospital admission. Proper management of these patients is of paramount importance, regarding prognosis and healthcare-associated costs. Methods and results: A retrospective observational study was developed to evaluate clinical practice, risk factors for SSTIs and outcomes in patients with SSTIs. Study population comprised patients hospitalized with SSTIs. A total of 267 SSTIs were identified. Microbiological isolate was obtained in most of necrotizing infections and surgical wounds. Gram-positive organisms were the most frequent agents. In necrotizing infections, 70% of the isolates were polymicrobial. First-line antibiotics for initial management of skin superficial infections were penicillins. However, almost 1/3 of erysipelas and cellulitis were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. In necrotizing infections, penicillins (broad-spectrum penicillins) also prevailed, mostly in combination antimicrobial regimens. Vancomycin was used in 55.6% of cases of surgical wounds. Mean antibiotic therapy duration ranged from 9-19 days, with longer periods in deeper infections. A high percentage of antibiotic switch (66.7%) occurred in patients with necrotizing infections. Mean time to surgical intervention was 40.8 hours. Overall mortality rate was 9.7%. Conclusion: The diagnosis of SSTIs is clinical. Clinical approach to initial choice of antimicrobial therapy is based on multiple factors related to the patient, the bacteria, and the drug. A multidisciplinary team is essential to improve the quality of patient care.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a lignina na parede celular de Euterpe oleracea Mart. Foram adquiridas amostras de duas regiões da base da palmeira: região externa e região interna (OR e IR, respectivamente). A extração com solventes orgânicos e o tratamento com NaOH 1% foram realizados. O conteúdo de holocelulose, α-celulose e lignina foi quantificado, esta última também isolada pelo método de Björkman para a caracterização estrutural utilizando RMN de 1H e 13C no estado líquido, assim como análises espectroscópicas (FTIR) e cromatográficas. O caule extraído apresentou 10,33% (OR) e 15,66% (IR) de lignina. Após tratamento com NaOH 1%, observou-se uma redução desses valores, e foi possível confirmar esse resultado também através da diminuição nas intensidades dos sinais referentes aos grupos funcionais ligados à lignina e hemicelulose. As análises espectroscópicas e cromatográficas revelaram lignina do tipo GS incorporada com ácido p-hidroxibenzoico e protocatecuico em ambas as amostras. Também foram observadas as principais unidades estruturais presentes na lignina como ligação β-O-4, β-O-4’ ϒ-acetiladas, spiro-dienona, unidade guaiacila, unidade siringila e p-hidroxibenzoato.

Abstract This paper aimed to characterize the lignin in the cell wall of Euterpe oleracea Mart. Samples from two regions of the base of the palm were acquired: outer and inner regions (OR and IR, respectively). The extraction with organic solvents and the treatment with 1% NaOH were carried out. Holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin content were quantified, the latter also isolated by the Björkman method for the structural characterization using 1H and 13C NMR in the liquid state, as well as spectroscopic (FTIR) and chromatographic analysis. The extracted stem had 10.33% (OR) and 15.66% (IR) of the lignin. After the treatment with 1% NaOH, a reduction in these values was observed, and it was also possible to confirm this result through the decrease in the intensities of the signals referring to the functional groups linked to lignin and hemicellulose. The spectroscopic and chromatographic analyzes revealed GS-type lignin incorporated with p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acid in both samples. The main structural units present in the lignin were also observed, such as β-O-4 bond, β-O-4’ ϒ-acetyl bond, guaiacyl unit, syringyl unit and p-hydroxybenzoate.

Resumo: A filosofia nietzschiana se desdobra, a todo tempo, em denunciar que as escolas e universidades da Alemanha moderna serviam, majoritariamente, para domesticar as forças humanas em prol dos valores administrados pelo Estado. Considerando tal horizonte, este artigo investiga o fundo analítico da crítica nietzschiana à educação (Ersiehung) de seu tempo para mostrar a tensão necessária que a formação humana (Bildung) emerge no arcabouço de sua filosofia como cultivo de novos valores. Para tanto, será preciso mostrar que outro nível de disciplina, ao mesmo tempo causa e efeito de uma experiência formativa singular e própria, há de ser deflagrada como potência criativa de e para outros valores existenciais.

Abstract: Nietzsche's philosophy unfolds, at all times, in denouncing that the schools and universities in Germany serve, mostly, to domesticate as a modern force in favor of the values administered by the State. Considering this horizon, this article investigates the analytical background of the Nietzschean critique of education (Ersiehung) of his time to show the necessary tension that human formation (Bildung) emerges in the framework of his philosophy as the cultivation of new values. For that, it will be necessary to show that another level of discipline, at the same time cause and effect of a unique and proper formative experience, must be triggered as a creative power of and for other existential values.

RESUMO: Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. é uma espécie aromática popularmente conhecida como patchouli. O óleo essencial rico em patchoulol extraído de folhas é utilizado pelas indústrias farmacêuticas. O objetivo foi investigar os efeitos das malhas e intensidades de sombreamento no crescimento, anatomia, composição química e teor de óleo essencial de P. cablin. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tipos de malhas (preta e Aluminet), três intensidades de luz (30, 50 e 70% de sombreamento) e pleno sol. As diferentes intensidades de luz influenciaram o crescimento, o rendimento e a composição química do óleo essencial. Plantas de patchouli cultivadas em ambiente sombreado apresentaram maiores valores para os pesos secos de folha, caule, raiz e total em relação ao pleno sol. Com 50% de sombreamento, Aluminet proporcionou ganho de peso seco de caule e total. Aluminet e malha preta a 50 e 70% de sombreamento aumentam o rendimento do óleo essencial. Os teores de patchoulol e pogostol foram maiores a pleno sol, malha preta e Aluminet com 50% de sombreamento. O ambiente para o cultivo do patchouli pode ser melhorado com o uso de malhas de sombreamento, especialmente com Aluminet em 50% de sombreamento.

ABSTRACT: Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is an aromatic species popularly known as patchouli. The essential oil rich in patchoulol extracted from leaves is used by the pharmaceutical industries. The objective was to investigate the effects of shade nets and shading intensities on P. cablin growth, anatomy, chemical composition and essential oil content. The experiment was conducted with two types of shade nets (black and Aluminet), three light intensities (30, 50, and 70% shading) and full sun. The different light intensities influenced the growth and the essential oil yield, and chemical composition. Patchouli plants grown in an environment with shading showed higher values for the leaf, stem, root ant total dry weights compared to full sun. At 50% of shading, Aluminet provided gain in stem and total dry weights. Aluminet and black net at 50 and 70% of shading enhance essential oil yield. Patchoulol and pogostol contents were higher under full sun, and, black net and Aluminet at 50% shading. The environment for patchouli cultivation can be improved by use shade nets, especially with Aluminet at 50% of shading.

Abstract Introduction Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease, and in ~ 30% of cases it is associated with perianalmanifestations. To identify the extent of the damage and to implement an appropriate treatment, anorectal examination under anesthesia (EUA) is fundamental. Objective To describe the profile of patients who underwent anorectal EUA in university and private hospitals in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Methodology A retrospective, descriptive study with 46 patients who underwent anorectal EUA between March, 2016 and November, 2019. Results A total of 62 anorectal EUAs were performed in 46 patients. With an average age of 36.8 years, the female gender was predominant (52.2%) among these patients. Anal fistulas were the most frequent findings (83.8%), and in most cases they were treated with a seton placement (69.4%). The main recommended surgical indication was a proper evaluation and identification of perianal disease, followed by drainage of the abscess and therefore immunobiological therapy (59.6%). Conclusion In the present study, the profile of CD patients was similar to those found in the literature, with a high rate of complex anal fistulas. Additional studies are still necessary to further comprehend and treat this particular and debilitating manifestation of the disease.

Resumo Inspirado no pensamento e na vida de Paulo Freire, este texto afirma, como sentido de uma educação filosófica, as “subjetividades geradoras”, quais sejam, uma forma de trânsito para outras condições existenciais, devires possíveis de vida e de mundos outros. Essa educação filosófica abrange três campos problematizadores: (i) a relação de si mesmo com a alteridade; (ii) a ascese filosófica como forma política da vida social; e (iii) a produção de verdades para além daquelas prefiguradas pelas forças opressivas, antidemocráticas e desumanizadoras. Operamos, assim, um duplo movimento: existencializar a filosofia e filosofar a vida educativa. Dessa forma, indiretamente, também atendemos uma “velha” questão entre nós: é Paulo Freire um filósofo da educação?

Abstract Inspired by the life and thought of Paulo Freire, this text affirms the “generative subjectivities” – a form of transit to other existential conditions, possible becomings of life and of other worlds –, as the sense of a philosophical education. Such education encompass three problematizing fields: (i) the relation of oneself with otherness; (ii) philosophical asceticism as a political form of social life; and (iii) the production of truths beyond those prefigured by oppressive, anti-democratic, and dehumanizing forces. We thus engage in a double movement: to existentialize philosophy and to philosophize an educational life. Indirectly, we also answer an “old” query among us: is Paulo Freire a philosopher of education?

Resumo O presente dossiê apresenta um conjunto de artigos visando a atualizar a força e a expressão do pensamento e da pedagogia freirianos para a educação contemporânea. A efeméride oportuniza o convite para que distintos campos da educação e seus pesquisadores, abrangendo letramento, educação de jovens e adultos, educação popular, fundamentos da educação, inclusão, educação etnicorracial, metodologias pedagógicas, didática, dentre outros, oportunizem sentido, alcance e atualização teórico-empírico ao vasto trabalho do patrono da educação brasileira. A revista Pro-Posições se soma às inúmeras homenagens feitas ao educador ao longo deste ano, reunindo um conjunto de artigos de autores brasileiros e estrangeiros que, longe da simples apologia à sua obra (tanto nos aspectos teóricos quanto nos práticos), investem em uma espécie de “atualização” do pensamento de Freire, ao trazer para o debate contemporâneo as operações de dialogação, problematização e transformação postas na mesa pelo educador brasileiro.

Abstract This dossier presents a set of articles aimed at updating the strength and expression of Freirian thought and pedagogy for contemporary education. The ephemeris provides an opportunity to invite different fields of education and its researchers, including literacy, youth and adult education, popular education, fundamentals of education, inclusion, ethnic-racial education, pedagogical and didactic methodologies, among others, to create opportunities for meaning, reach and updating theoretical-empirical to the vast work of the patron of Brazilian education. The Pro-Posições journal adds to the numerous tributes paid to the educator throughout this year, bringing together a set of articles by Brazilian and foreign authors who, far from a simple apology for his work (both in theoretical and practical aspects), invest in a kind of “updating” of Freire’s thought, by bringing to the contemporary debate the operations of dialogue, problematization and transformation impulsed by the Brazilian educator.